Product Code Database
The Putumayo River or Içá River (, ) is one of the tributary of the Amazon River, southwest of and parallel to the Japurá River.
! Left tributary
! Right tributary
! Length (km)
! Basin size (km2)
! Average discharge (m3/s)
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| Lower Putumayo | ||||
| Içá (Putumayo) | 2,004.6 | 120,545 | 8,519.9 | |
| Igarapé União | 634.2 | 35.8 | ||
| Quebrara Federico | 529.5 | 35.1 | ||
| Parana de Jacurapa | 352 | 1,714.6 | 105.3 | |
| Puretê | 322 | 4,246.7 | 249.9 | |
| Igarapé Cauíra | 1,459.7 | 94.3 | ||
| Igarapé São Cristovão | 406.4 | 22.1 | ||
| Cotuhé | 335 | 6,508.8 | 391.4 | |
| Yaguas | 474.9 | 10,863 | 683.2 | |
| Alegría | 731.5 | 49.4 | ||
| Rio del Porveir | 291.5 | 19.7 | ||
| Pupuña | 2,402.1 | 168.1 | ||
| Quebrada Mutún | 100 | 1,046.5 | 58.7 | |
| Igara Paraná | 440 | 12,945 | 810 | |
| Algodón | 749.8 | 8,268 | 454 | |
| Buri Buri | 983.4 | 46.3 | ||
| Esperanza | 557 | 24.6 | ||
| Sabaloyaco | 1,324 | 54.9 | ||
| Ere | 167 | 1,623.4 | 77 | |
| Middle Putumayo | ||||
| Cara-Paraná | 260 | 7,265.9 | 486.6 | |
| Campuya | 370 | 4,422.2 | 292.2 | |
| Curilla | 496.3 | 38.8 | ||
| Penella (Peneya) | 894.3 | 51.1 | ||
| Chicorero (Caucayá) | 1,720.9 | 97.5 | ||
| Quebrada La Paya | 572.3 | 33.2 | ||
| Güeppi | 145 | 1,325.5 | 91.4 | |
| San Miguel | 295 | 5,628.5 | 488.8 | |
| Juanambu | 811.1 | 71.3 | ||
| Cohembi | 543.7 | 45.1 | ||
| Upper Putumayo | ||||
| Guamués | 140 | 2,164.6 | 254.8 | |
| Acae (Cocaya) | 283.5 | 21.8 | ||
| Orito | 980.7 | 64.4 | ||
| San Juan | 918.6 | 62.6 | ||
| Guineo | 312.5 | 24.6 | ||
Arana's production network mainly relied on the labor of enslaved indigenous people, who suffered from widespread human rights abuses. These abuses were first publicized in 1909 within the British press by the American engineer Walter Hardenburg, who had been briefly imprisoned by Arana's private police force in 1907 while visiting the region; Hardenburg later published his book The Putumayo: The Devil's Paradise in 1913.
In response to Hardenburg's exposé, the British government sent the consul Roger Casement (who had previously publicized Belgium atrocities in the rubber business of the Congo Free State) to investigate the matter; between 1910 and 1911, Casement subsequently wrote a series of condemnatory reports criticizing the atrocities of the PAC, for which he received a Knight Bachelor. Fintan O'Toole, "The Multiple Hero", The New Republic, 2 August 2012, accessed 23 October 2014
Casement's reports later formed much of the basis for the 1987 book Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man by the anthropologist Michael Taussig, which analyzed how the acts of terror committed by British capitalists along the Putumayo River in Colombia had created a distinct "space of death."
Cattle farming, along with the rubber trade, is also a major industry on the banks of the Içá. Rubber and balatá (a substance very much like gutta-percha, to the point where it is often called gutta-balatá) from the Içá area are shipped to Manaus, Brazil.
On March 1, 2008, Raúl Reyes and 14 of his fellow Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia guerrilla companions were killed while on the Ecuadorian side of the border by Colombian military forces, sparking the 2008 Andean diplomatic crisis.
In November 2019, scientists from the Field Museum worked with partners from Colombia and Peru to perform a three-week "rapid inventory" of almost 7 million acres around the Putumayo, one of the few Amazonian rivers that remains undammed, documenting 1,706 species. The goal of these fast surveys of remote areas is to bring together local stakeholders to collaboratively protect wilderness.
, the British government travel warning against "all but essential travel" to some areas within to the south of the river.Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Foreign travel advice: Peru, accessed on 18 June 2024
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